Compatibility of Free Will in The Tenseless Theory of Time...

, The debate between free will and fatalism has existed since the conceptualization of time. On one hand, in everyday life, time flows in a uniform fashion. People experience time in which there is a past, present, and a future. Yet, physicists and philosophers see time as something completely different. In fact, they see time as an illusion. Called the tenseless theory of time, time does not flow but this theory views time as a fourth dimension where all past, present, and future events are equal (Callender Edney, 2004). Essentially, this theory proposes that there is no passage of time and no becoming of future events. As a result, one can view this theory as a â€Å"block† universe in which every event that has happened, is happening as of†¦show more content†¦Thus, if fatalism is about the penultimate outcome, then free will is the process about decision-making that leads up to the final outcome. Not only does free will exist, it can also be viewed as compatible with the tenseless theory of time as well. Firstly, fatalism alludes to the idea that what happened was always going to happen. Fatalism is the view in which it implies there are no alternate possibilities. The tenseless theory of time is committed to this belief. Yet, this assumption is still ambiguous. The brain and especially the mind is complex. Experiments done in the field of neuroscience have tried to resolve this particular question. Can it be shown that what will happen has already been pre-determined in the mind? One experiment, conducted by Benjamin Libet (1983), tried to answer this question. In the experiment, he would ask each participant to sit at a desk in front of a timer. He would put electrodes onto the scalp and ask the participant to carry out a motor activity, such as a flick of the wrist. He would also ask the participant to note the position of the timer when the participant felt that they were urged to do the activity. Libet found there was a 200 millisecon d delay, on average, between

The Development Of Light And Electron Microscope - 1608 Words

The first ever cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. He discovered them under microscope with very thin slice of cork and he saw different world live in it, and because of this experiment he called them cells. The first person to witness live cell was Antony Lan Leeuwenhoek, although first man to make microscope was Zacharias Janssen. In biology, cell theory is experimental theory which illustrates properties of cell. It was developed by three German scientist’s discoveries, they are Mathias Schleiden, Theodor Schwan and Rudolph Virchow. The cells are basic unit of structure in all living organism and as well as unit of reproduction with steady improvements made to microscopes over time. The development of light and electron†¦show more content†¦They perform same kinds of functions and in same way. They both are confined by selective barrier known as plasma membrane, surrounded by cytoplasm and full of small structures called ribosomes. They both have DNA that carries genetic information for operating the cell. Humans are Eukaryotes! Eukaryotic cells are far larger and more complex than prokaryotes cells. They are typically 10-100m in diameter and these cells are found in animals and plant cells. They contain many organelles. The eukaryotic cell has often been compared to a factory where different machines and peoples have different jobs , all are working together with one purpose. Efficiency is improved by division of labour, the sharing out of jobs. The cell as whole is divided into compartments celled compartmentation. Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus enclosed by double membrane and communicate with cytosol via nuclear pores. The purpose of this nucleus is to set apart DNA related functions of big eukaryotic cells into smaller chamber and within this nucleus is nuclear chromatin that contains organisms genome. DNA stores organisms entire genetic information. DNA is usually linear and complexed with proteins called histones. Eukaryotes have larger ribosomes such as 80s. Ribosomes are made out of special class of RNA molecule. The existence of ribosome is temporary after synthesis of polypeptide chains two subunits separate and break. Eukaryotic cells have cytoplasm that is filled with

The Things They Carried and Araby Essay - 1353 Words

The idea of love is very complex and can be interpreted in a variety of ways. Both â€Å"The Things They Carried† by Tim O’Brien and â€Å"Araby† by James Joyce portray the lives of two individuals who are in love. â€Å"The Things They Carried† is about a young lieutenant named Jimmy Cross during the Vietnam War. Lieutenant Cross was incapable of focusing on the war because of his constant thoughts of the girl he loved, Martha. â€Å"Araby† is about a boy who is infatuated with a girl he has never had a conversation with. Although both protagonists in â€Å"The Things They Carried† and â€Å"Araby† eventually realize that the girls they loved didn’t feel the same way about them, Lieutenant Cross tried to move on by destroying everything he had that reminded him of†¦show more content†¦Due to his strong love for her, the narrator wanted to make her happy and he believed buying her a gift would make her happy. He put a l ot of pressure on him going to the Bazaar and buying her a gift. He associated him buying her a gift with him being with her. They both took encounters they had with the girls they loved and made them more than they actually were. In both stories, Lieutenant Cross and the boy in â€Å"Araby† both had methods of thinking about and feeling close to the girls they loved. Cross had a pebble that Martha sent him and he kept the pebble close to him no matter what. His overwhelming love for her is obvious when they story states â€Å"He loved her so much. On the march, through the hot days of early April, he carried the pebble in his mouth, turning it with his tongue† (O’Brien 938). He went to extremes in order to have the pebble with him on his march. Similar to Lieutenant Cross, the boy in â€Å"Araby† also had a way of being reminded of the girl he loved. He kept a mental image of her wherever he went. He thought of her no matter what he was doing and expressed this when he said â€Å"Her image accompanied me even in places the most hostile to romance† (Joyce 207). Even in places he didn’t expect to think about her, he was reminded of her. While he was in church he said â€Å"I imagined that I bore my chalice safely through a throng of foes† (Joyce 207). The chalice was a symbolic metaphor for his love for Mangan’s sister. Both Lieutenant CrossShow MoreRelatedaraby and the things they carried Essay848 Words   |  4 Pages Head in the Clouds The main characters in â€Å"Araby† by James Joyce and â€Å"The Things They Carried† by Tim O’Brien are both at war with fantasy and reality. Both of these characters are ones motivated by their infatuation with woman they hardly know but believe that they love them. Both these stories tell us that their fantasizing and objectification of these women are used to cover up their true feelings. In return this offers the main characters an escape from reality. Through the exchange ofRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien And Araby By James Joyce892 Words   |  4 Pagesboth pieces of literature â€Å"The Things They Carried† by Tim O’Brien and â€Å"Araby† by James Joyce. The authors portray the lives of two individuals who are in love. The idea of love concerning a girl and expectations on being with this girl they love. The authors in both texts demonstrate too us that love can be very hopeful, but it can emotionally and mentally change us. The authors assert to the reader attention in the literature â€Å"Araby† and â€Å" The Things They Carried† that love can be hopeful butRead More The Decline of Chivalry Explored in Araby and AP Essay1211 Words   |  5 PagesRomantic gestures have been seen as a useful motive to win hearts of women for centuries. However, as society constantly changes, the effectiveness of these chivalrous acts has diminished. In James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby† and John Updike’s â€Å"AP†, this theory is explored, both telling the story of a boy whose efforts to impress the girl of their desires fail. As said by Well’s in his critical analysis of these stories, â€Å"Both the protagonists have come to realize that romantic gestures—in fact, that the wholeRead MoreAnalysis Of James Joyce s The Unnamed Young Boy 1388 Words   |  6 Pagesdilemma that makes it hard for him to make clear decisions. All these come at his adolescent stage whe n he feels like he should identify with his sexual feelings. However, his religion fights against his sense of romance to Mangan s sister. They feel carried away by his feeling, but held back by religion. The boy keeps a distance from what his fantasies and what he cherishes the most, but he does not know the best way to express his feeling for the lady he has fallen in love that is older than him. JamesRead MoreWit Flim Mid Term734 Words   |  3 Pagescharacter. Characterization can make the story more interesting and creates the story to be more detailed. Two stories in which characterization makes the story better and are similar in the way that the themes go is â€Å"Aamp;P† written by John Updlike and â€Å"Araby† written by James Joyce. Both story is about a worker who is admiring a woman from a far. In â€Å"Aamp;P† Updlike characterize the three girls who walk in the store that he is working. He describes in details of how the girls looked and even the colorRead More Comparing Allah and God Essay3292 Words   |  14 Pagesbecause he felt compelled to read it and expose its errors. In short, Zahid converted to Christianity and shared the Bible’s teachings with everyone. As a result, he was considered a traitor. Zahid began to experience much of the persecution he had carried out against many Christians. For two years he was imprisoned, beaten, tortured, and eventually sentenced to be hung to death (DcTalk 53-54). The sort of persecution Zahid dealt out and later experienced himself occurs daily in various places ofRead MoreThe Penang Second Brigde in Malaysia3068 Words   |  12 Pagesalso the 3rd Chief Minister of Penang, Tan Sri Dr. Koh Tsu Koon. Later, Malaysian government unveiled the plan to construct the bridge in August 2006. The project is implemented in the 9th Malaysian Plan. It is the largest civil construction work carried out in Malaysia in the past 2 decades. The construction of the bridge officially started in November 2008 after all the planning and procedure done. The bridge is currently projected completed on February 2014. The bridge is built under the cooperationRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesplot. It can, in fact, occur at any moment. In James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby† and in a number of the other companion stories in â€Å"Dubliners† the crisis – in the form of a sudden illumination that Joyce called an epiphany – occurs at the very end of the story, and the falling action and the resolution are dispensed with altogether. Exposition and complication can also be omitted in favour of a plot that begins in medias res (â€Å"in the midst of things†). In much modern and contemporary fiction the plot consists

Criminal Justice Interns Observations Of Misconduct An...

Review: Criminal Justice Interns’ Observations of Misconduct: An Exploratory Study Internships completed by students are quite popular in most colleges and universities. An internship is used so the class based learning of a degree program can be applied to practical situations in the real world. When students are placed with an agency, there is a possibility that the student will witness actions they believe is unethical or illegal. During a study conducted within four universities, many students participating in an internship program within the criminal justice system reported that they had observed behavior they suspected to be illegal behavior for a law enforcement agency. (CITE). Due to this ongoing problem, colleges as well as specific agencies assisting students in learning how to handle inappropriate situations in a proper manner. Educators of students who wish to complete internships are commonly concerned as to how their student will react when exposed to unethical a nd inappropriate behavior. A surprising 87 percent of criminal justice programs offer internships to their students. Though there are multiple studies suggesting the lack of practical education a student learns from the experience 29-37 percent of criminal justice programs require official internships (CITE). The goal of an internship is so the student has a broad understanding of the operations in the desired field of study as well as practical knowledge of the system to which can be exchanged forShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psych ology 14 †¢ Social Psychology 14 †¢ Sociology 14 †¢ Anthropology 14 There Are Few Absolutes in OB 14 Challenges and Opportunities for OB 15 Responding to Economic Pressures 15 †¢ Responding to GlobalizationRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesStudents achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  »

Occupy London Stock Exchange and the European Convention...

On the 15th and 16th day of October 2011, some protestors, led by Tammy Samende and having George Barda and Daniel Ashman, among others, pitched a protest camp in St Paul’s Churchyard. The protesters set up between 150 and 200 tents in the churchyard, with some tents serving as accommodation for the protestors. Other tents were allocated different activities including setting up temporary first aid centres, a learning centre, named Tent City University, and a children’s place. The tents occupied nearly the entire compound of the church, with the protestors extending their activities to the city’s highway. The land occupied by these protestors was subdivided into three areas, area 1, area2 and area 3. Of these three areas, area 3 was the†¦show more content†¦As stipulated in section 2 of article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights, authorities can intervene for the sake of protecting other human rights. The same is categorically stated in article 10, which allows for intervention by legal officers for the sake of protecting human rights. These articles shows develop a paradox in that the demonstrators were acting within the constitution, while still breaching other parts of the constitution. By holding demonstrations in the cathedral and across the city’s highway, they were exercising their constitutional right. However, by doing the same, they were breaching the constitution because they did not have licences to occupy the land, and they also breached the right of other citizens to exercise their freedom of worship. The demonstrators also breached the right of city dwellers to use public utilities like the highway and the cathedral, which was visited by many people from the country and beyond. The demonstration and pitching of tents in public places therefore breached article 9, and 10 as they made it hard for other individuals to occupy public places and a place of worship. The other statute that was breached is the Local Government Act of 1972. Under this Act, the City of London Corporation reserves the right to local authority. This means that the protestors were meant to notify them before occupying regions within the city. The City ofShow MoreRelatedThe Accounting Profession and Nat39077 Words   |  157 PagesEDITORIAL Like any other profession, Accounting is not static. It constantly responds to the dynamism of human existence because Accountants are by nature curious and experimental. Their curiosity causes them to enquire into the proximate problems affecting their profession and practice. Again, two great inventions that have helped accountants and indeed professionals in other fields of human endeavour are the inventions of writing and of scientific method. The continuous growth of accounting knowledgeRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill CompaniesRead MorePropaganda by Edward L Bernays34079 Words   |  137 Pagestrue ruling power of our country. We are governed, our minds are molded, our tastes formed, our ideas suggested, largely by men we have never heard of. This is a logical result of the way in which our democratic society is organized. Vast numbers of human beings must cooperate in this manner if they are to live together as a s moothly functioning society. Our invisible governors are, in many cases, unaware of the identity of their fellow members in the inner cabinet. 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Message In A Bottle Essay Example For Students

Message In A Bottle Essay Rolling waves gently brushed upon the sand and nipped softly at my toes. I gazed out into the oblivion of blue hue that lay before me. I stared hopefully at sun-filled sky, but I couldnt help but wonder how I was going to get through the day. Honestly, I never thought in a million years that my daughter and I would be homeless. Oh, how I yearned for our house in the suburbs. A pain wrenched at my heart when I was once reminded again of my beloved husband, Peter. I missed him so much and couldnt help but ask God why he was taken from us. Living underneath Pier 14 was no life for Emily and me. I had to get us out of here and back on our feet. My stomach moaned angrily. I needed to somehow find food for us, but how?Suddenly, something slimy brushed up against my leg and pierced my thoughts. I jumped back and brushed the residue of sand of my legs. What was that? As my eyes skimmed the water in front of me, I noticed something spinning in the foam of the waves. Curiosity got the best of me and I went over to take a closer look. The object danced in the waves and eventually was coughed out onto the beach. ?Emily!? I called to my eight-year-old daughter who was, at that time, infatuated with a seashell that she found earlier that day. ?Come here and see this! Mommy found something.? Although I had no idea what that something was and I definitely didnt know it would change my life forever. We will write a custom essay on Message In A Bottle specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now ?What did you find, Mommy? Is it food Emily came running down from the pier to see my finding. ?Oh honey,? I answered, sadly acknowledging my daughters hunger, ? I wish it was. Actually, Im not quite sure what it is. Help me clean it off, will you Emily and I began scrubbing the dilapidated, seaweed covered object in the warm waves of the Atlantic. ?Wow, Thats not at all I expected.? I answered as I rolled an old bottle in the water. ?At least we can get some money for this at the recycling center. Not much, but if we collect enough bottles we could get some lunch!? I looked hopelessly at the bottle. Darn! I was hoping for something else, anything else. Oh, God, please help us!?Mommy Emilys voice shattered my desperate thoughts. ?Theres something in the bottle!? ?Oh Em,? I replied dubiously.? Its probably just some trash someone stuffed in the bottle.? I gazed into my daughters hopeful eyes and sighed. ?Well I guess it wouldnt hurt to look, eh Somehow I managed to pry the worn lid of f the bottle. Wow. This bottle must be 100 years old, I thought to myself while gazing at the worn, illegible lettering on the side. ?Whats in it mom Emily jumped up and down with excitement. I gazed one-eyed into the bottle. ?Hmm,? I replied, fingering the paper out of the bottles stubborn neck. ?I believe its a note of some sort.? Holding the tattered top edge, I carefully unrolled the yellowed scroll-like piece of paper. ?Oh Em!? I said astonishingly. ?Its a letter! Oh, I wonder who its toRead it Mommy, Read it!? Emily shouted eagerly. It made me smile to see my little girl so happy. It had been such a long time since I saw such a smile painted across her angelic face. My eyes skimmed down the paper. Most of the words were quite legible, but sadly enough, they were written in a different language. ?Oh honey, I wish I could read it to you, but the words, they are written in Italian or Span- -? Before I could finish my words, I noticed the name so diligently signed at the bottom of the letter. It read ?Christopher Columbus 18 September 1493.? I couldnt breathe. Could this be real? I laughed hysterically as I continuously scrolled my eyes up and down the letter. Then it dawned on me. If this is real, I could be rich. ?Emily,? I managed to blurt through all my emotion, ?Go put on your other outfit. We are going downtown.? On the walk to the museum, my mind raced with the possibilities. Please God, let this be real. Not surprisingly, I was still very much in shock as Emily and I walked into the Florida State Museum of Fine History and Art. I noticed a small, slightly chubby man with a goatee and glasses, huddled over a magnifying glass. We crossed the marble floor of the room, through the large columns that surrounded us on both sides. I tapped him softly on the shoulder. .u813935f143e8ecdb5df93e9b9161f465 , .u813935f143e8ecdb5df93e9b9161f465 .postImageUrl , .u813935f143e8ecdb5df93e9b9161f465 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u813935f143e8ecdb5df93e9b9161f465 , .u813935f143e8ecdb5df93e9b9161f465:hover , .u813935f143e8ecdb5df93e9b9161f465:visited , .u813935f143e8ecdb5df93e9b9161f465:active { border:0!important; } .u813935f143e8ecdb5df93e9b9161f465 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u813935f143e8ecdb5df93e9b9161f465 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u813935f143e8ecdb5df93e9b9161f465:active , .u813935f143e8ecdb5df93e9b9161f465:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u813935f143e8ecdb5df93e9b9161f465 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u813935f143e8ecdb5df93e9b9161f465 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u813935f143e8ecdb5df93e9b9161f465 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u813935f143e8ecdb5df93e9b9161f465 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u813935f143e8ecdb5df93e9b9161f465:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u813935f143e8ecdb5df93e9b9161f465 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u813935f143e8ecdb5df93e9b9161f465 .u813935f143e8ecdb5df93e9b9161f465-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u813935f143e8ecdb5df93e9b9161f465:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Opera: Love Through The Ages With Maria Fortuna And Nancy Townsend EssayHe looked up inquiringly. ?Good day, Miss. Can I help you I couldnt find any words. Silently, I handed him the dilapidated paper. At first, he looked amused. ?Is this some kind of joke He retorted. Then he frowned and his face was consumed with concentration. ?Where did you get this ?On the beach, by Pier 14,? I stammered nervously. ?It was in a bottle.? His eyebrows rose. ?Do you have the bottle I handed it to him wordlessly, wondering why he wanted it. He turned and walked into another room. I tried to follow him in, but he waived me away, promising to come right back. When he returned, his face was lit with excitement. The wrinkled paper was now nicely set in a glass frame. ?Do you realize what you found? Its a genuine note! I cant believe it! I carbon dated the paper and compared the handwriting with our samples. Columbus wrote this nearly 500 years ago! Do you know what this meansI thought I did. I paused. ?Is it worth anything I hoped that it was worth at least few thousand dollars. I bit my lower lip and prayed that it would at least pay for a warm meal for my daughter. He grinned. ?Yeah, I would say so. At least $25 million or so.?My jaw hit the floor. I couldnt believe my ears. What a fairy tale! One day a pauper, the next day a princess! I didnt even know what to say. I at least knew one thing. The hungry days that Em and I had suffered were over forever. My daughter would get to live the life shes always deserved. Creative Writing

Did German Ambitions for World Power Make War Inevitable in 1914 free essay sample

The First World War was the biggest and bloodiest war to have been fought with modern technology and caused wide spread chaos and tragedy that until that date was unparalleled in Europe. Of the 65,038,810 people mobilized to fight from all the countries involved 8,556,315 died, 21,219,452 soldiers were injured, and 7,750,945 were reported missing/P. O. W. Because the war was fought on such a massive scale, and caused such wide spread tragedy, all within living memory, it makes it both an interesting and controversial subject, and because of this there are many different theories about what the cause of WWI was. The most blamed party for the outbreak is Germany. There were many different factors involved in the events leading to war, and Germany found herself at the root of the majority of them in one way or another. Even German historian F. Fischer was quoted saying â€Å"Germany had a will to war† in his book Griff nach der Weltmacht (Germany’s aims in the First World War) [1] Fischer’s theory on the origins of WWI was that Weltpolitik was instigated because Germany wanted a war. We will write a custom essay sample on Did German Ambitions for World Power Make War Inevitable in 1914? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However the impact of the events surrounding assassination of Franz Ferdinand must be taken into account, as well as the other power’s actions/responses. In 1890 after the dismissal of Bismarck for Caprivi, Germany’s Weltpolitik began with three main aims; colonial annexations, creation of economic spheres of influence, and expansion of the navy. It can be argued that Germany knew that each of these policies would cause conflict with the other powers, and that they were introduced not only for the purpose of making Germany a great power but also to instigate a war. In his first years in power Caprivi attempted to untangle the complex system of alliances and commitments Bismarck had created during his long stay in office, and it can be said that his most important decision in accordance with Weltpolitik was his decision not to renew the Reinsurance Treaty between Russia and Germany[2], however this was mainly due to Holstein- a senior official in the foreign ministry- who managed to use Caprivi’s lack of experience of foreign affairs to exert great influence over German policy. By planning to expand their navy as part of Weltpolitik Germany began a naval ace with Britain. In 1898 came the first German Fleet Act, two years later a second doubled the number of ships to be built, to nineteen battleships and twenty–three cruisers in the next twenty years By aiming to have a bigger navy than the other powers Germany hoped to become a great power, and to have influence over the Balkans, and to be able to gain a colonial empire[3]. It can be argued that, because as part of the naval expansion policy was to keep Britain in the dark about it, Germany knew naval expansion would provoke the British and that it could lead to a struggle between the powers. With their secretive naval race and the creation of the Dreadnought, Britain became severely provoked and soon Germany and Britain were turned into enemies. Germany and England had previously been friendly due to France being their mutual enemy, but with the secretive start of a naval race with Britain Germany pushed them away and towards a new Britain, Russia and France alliance. This was most certainly a large contributing factor to the events leading to WWI, and ensured that Britain would not take Germany’s side- a factor that they were ill prepared for and would eventually lead to their loss of the war. Germany’s ambition for worldwide expansion, though, is arguably the single most prominent event whose ripples caused World War One. By 1890 almost all of the colonial territories that were rich in export goods and had a good climate, such as Africa, were already divided up and part of the major power’s empires so by the time Germany decided that she wanted to expand her empire worldwide there was little land to be gained, and the land that was available to be claimed was inhospitable or poor and so Germany was faced with the options of taking land that no one wanted or to try to take the land from another country. Britain had wished to have good relations with Germany, but did not want its hands tied by continental commitments, or, as Prime Minister Lord Salisbury put it:   Britain wished to avoid the â€Å"encumbering engagements of an alliance†. Relations with Britain did improve, thanks to the gestures by Germany, such as the Helgoland-Zanzibar Treaty of 1890[4], which neutralized colonial tensions in East Africa and provided Germany with a naval base in the North Sea. Russia aided by the fear of an Anglo-German alliance, allied itself with France in 1892, putting an end to decades of French isolation, which had been one of the aims and greatest achievements of the Bismarck system. Germany made minimal gains, while an embittered France had now gained a powerful ally on Germany’s eastern flank, something which Bismarck had sought to avoid for his entire time as chancellor. Had Germany not wanted to cause conflict that could end in war then they would have tried to gain lands by political means, purchase or just settling for land that was yet unclaimed. However Germany decided to try to take French and British lands in Africa, not only alienating them from Germany but also driving them together and forming their political friendship and support that would later lead to the triple alliance. [5] During the Boer war Germany started to support the Boers and providing them with the latest rifles to fight the British with in a hope that they would instead gain the lands and the gold and diamonds to be found there by â€Å"diplomatic† means after the British had been beaten. Their bid for the Boer lands was unsuccessful, and they led the condemnation of the Boer war, and the British’s use of concentration camps and the killing of prisoners without trial- ironically some 40-50 years later they would themselves use this tactic on a larger scale and are still condemned to this day for it. This drove Britain and France into cementing an alliance in 1904, and the Moroccan crises of 1905 and 1911 only served to drive them closer together for safety against Germany’s aggression. Germany’s actions also made the other powers extremely hostile towards her, creating mass conflict. It was this aggressive attitude coupled with other countries fear and concern that created mass tension throughout Europe. As a result of their aggressive foreign policy and expansionism plans, by 1912 Germany found herself surrounded by hostile countries. The Kaiser and leading military leaders held a war cabinet meeting to discuss â€Å"how to get out of this mess†. It was decided that as they were surrounded by hostile countries that they would need an ally to help fight their way out. The decision to ally with Austria rather than Russia is what led to the signing of the â€Å"Blank Cheque† of support for Austria[6]. It was also decided that if a war happened that it would most likely be in the Balkans, and that the sooner it happened the better because if Russia had more time they could become too strong to defeat, and as their ally Britain would be dragged into it on the side of Russia- something that Germany did not want as they sought Britain as allies. Although it can be said that Germany set the wheels of WWI in motion, it can be argued that it was not at Kaiser Wilhelm’s direction alone, it was also due to Bismarck. Bismarck’s alliance systems had created rivalry and suspicion between the powers, causing worldwide tension. The first of the major alliances to be formed was Germany with Austria-Hungary forming the Duel Alliance to combat Russian influence in the Balkans, and in 1882 expanded to include Italy and became the Triple Alliance. Bismarck’s Franco-Prussian war of 1871 ended in France being defeated by the Germans, and the construction of an alliance system to isolate France, and then Germany forced France to pay Germany reparations. This alliance system, although short lived, allowed Germany to become stronger and allowed her to think that she could get away with a more aggressive foreign policy in the coming decades as there had been little/no intervention with their war with France[7]. In 1892 the Triple Entente, an alliance between France, Russia and Britain was formed to counteract the force of the Triple Alliance and led to heightened tensions as Germany found herself encircled by hostile powers. A lot of emphasis is put on Germany’s involvement in and actions leading up to WWI however there are many other prominent contributing factors that can be said to have caused the war. One of these is the instability in the Balkans. After the decline of the Turkish Empire there was a â€Å"power vacuum† in the Balkans[8]. Both Russia and Austria wanted to control the Balkans and so were not reliable in an alliance together, and so Germany chose to renew an alliance with the Austro-Hungarian Empire rather than Russia. Serbia an ambitious Slavic state won its independence from the Turkish Empire allied itself with Russia, and the Austrians took control of Bosnia in 1908 causing them to almost come to blows with Russia who had hoped that the â€Å"Black Hand† from Serbia would assimilate Bosnia into Serbia. Austria looked back to the Duel alliance between themselves and Germany, who promised to support them if they fought with Russia. [9] After the assassination of the Arch-Duke Franz Ferdinand from Austria by a member of the Black Hand the Balkans found themselves split in two, with Serbia and Russia on one side, and Germany, Austria and Bosnia on the other side. Although the â€Å"Blank cheque† of support promised by the Germans contributed to the outbreak of war, it can also be argued that had Austria reacted to the incident with diplomacy rather than the demand of war then WWI may not have happened, or if it had then it would have been at a different time and perhaps with other powers against each other. However, Germany, Austria, and Russia are not the only powers who can be said to be responsible for the outbreak of WWI; there was also the contribution of the French. The French never got over their defeat by the Germans in 1871, and remained hostile towards them. France had an expansive colonial empire and had refused to give any to the Germans[10]. Perhaps had they done so then Germany may not have adopted the aggressive foreign policy tactics that they did, and so would not have surrounded themselves with hostile powers. Another factor of France’s contribution to the beginnings of WWI was their alliance with Russia. The alliance with Russia meant that Germany was further surrounded by hostile powers and would have felt trapped and there would perhaps have been no need for her to act so belligerently towards her neighbors. Also, Britain can be partly blamed for the outbreak of war. As the strongest power Britain could have used her influence to prevent events from escalating to a full out world war, however at the turn of the century Britain had been preoccupied with solving the Irish question,[11] and by the time that she turned her full attentions to the worldwide stage, events and tensions had escalated beyond the point of return and WWI was firmly on its way. In conclusion, although Germany’s grand expansionism plans and uncontrolled ambition are certainly a main contributing factor to WWI, it would be impossible for them to have a war alone, which would suggest that they cannot be soley blamed for it and that it was a mixture of everyone’s actions that culminated in war. By 1914 tensions between the major powers were high, further driven by shifting alliance systems. At this time any of the countries involved could have sparked of the final steps towards war, it ould be argued that it was just serendipity or chance that it was the Germans, however had their Schleiffan plan taken into account that the British would become involved in the war then it perhaps would have been a different power that took the final steps to war. Although it can be argued that everyone was at least partly to blame for the outbreak of WWI, it was in fact mostly the result of Germany’s unchecked ambition and expansionism attempts. This is because, although all the powers had a hand in the outbreak of war most of the events that caused the tensions and rivalries had German actions behind them; France were unwilling to share colonial territories after being defeated by Germany in the Franco-Prussian war 1871 and allied with Russia, causing Germany to feel surrounded. Russia, threatened by an Anglo-German alliance allied with France, and backed Serbia against Bosnia and her Austro-German alliance. England was hostile towards Germany after the Boer war and Moroccan crises, and became close allies with France, who of course were hostile to Germany. In short it was Germany’s own actions that caused the war, and also her downfall in it, as had she acted differently she may not have driven her allies away and into each others arms.